In this article we will discuss about the spot identification of different animals.
Contents
I. Protozoa:
Balantidium sp.:
(Fig. 36.1)
1. Unicellular animal.
2. Short cilia cover whole body.
3. Cytopharynx present.
4. Micro- and macronucleus present.
5. Contractile vacuoles two with radiating canals.
Systematic position:
Subkingdom — Protozoa
Phylum — Ciliophora
Class — Kinetofragminophorea
Subclass — Vestibuliferia
Order — Trichostomatida
Genus — Balantidium
II. Aschelminthes:
i. Oxyuris sp.:
(Fig. 36.2)
1. Body narrow, long, round and ringed.
2. Caudal alae supported by a pair of pre-anal and a pair of postanal papillae.
3. Pharynx with a posterior bulb.
Male:
4. The tail obliquely truncate behind cloaca.
Female:
4. The tail is long.
5. Vulva anteriorly situated.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Aschelminthes
Class — Nematoda
Order — Oxyuroidea
Genus — Oxyuris
ii. Trichinella sp. (Whip worm):
(Fig. 36.3)
1. Un-segmented, parasitic round worm.
2. Body slender, filiform anteriorly.
3. Mouth without lips.
4. Pharynx slender, provided with a stichosome.
Male:
5. Small size.
6. Posterior end flattened due to copulatory lobe.
Female:
5. Large size.
6. Vulva anterior.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Aschelminthes
Class — Nematoda
Order — Trichinelloidea
Genus — Trichinella
III. Annelida:
Tubifex sp.:
(Fig. 36.4)
1. Body cylindrical, metamerically segmented.
2. Bilaterally symmetrical.
3. Narrower in the posterior end.
4. Bundles of setae on both the ventral and dorsal surfaces.
5. The animal lives in tube made up of mud and minerals glued together.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Annelida
Class — Oligochaeta
Order — Archioligochaeta
Genus — Tube-fix
IV. Arthropoda:
i. Mantis sp. (Praying mantis):
(Fig. 36.5)
1. Body narrow and divisible into head, thorax and abdomen.
2. Jointed appendages.
3. Head bears compound eyes and antennae.
4. Mouth parts biting type.
5. Prothorax slender and long.
6. Wings folded flat and overlap the sides of the body.
7. Tibia of fore legs pincer-like for grasping prey.
8. Middle and hind legs elongated.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Arthropoda
Subphylum — Mandibulata
Class — Insecta
Subclass — Pterygota
Order — Dictyoptera
Genus — Mantis
ii. Belostoma sp. (Giant water bug):
(Fig. 36.6)
1. Body dorsoventrally flattened, divisible into head, thorax and abdomen.
2. Length about 11.5 cm.
3. Anterior legs inserted near anterior edge of prosternum.
4. Antennae four jointed.
5. Mouth parts piercing and sucking type.
6. Thoracic legs 3 pairs, posterior legs flattened, adapted for swimming.
7. Wings leathery, half membranous and reticulate.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Arthropoda
Subphylum — Mandibulata
Class — Insecta
Subclass — Pterygota
Order — Hemiptera
Genus — Belostoma
V. Mollusca:
Pholas sp.:
(Fig. 36.7)
1. Soft bodied, un-segmented animal.
2. Body laterally compressed and enclosed in a mantle.
3. Protected by a calcareous bivalve shell.
4. No distinct head.
5. A plough-shaped foot.
6. A pair of gills on each side of the body.
7. Siphons long and united.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Mollusca
Class — Bivalvia
Order — Adapedonta
Genus — Pholas
VI. Echinodermata:
Clypeaster sp. (Cake urchin):
(Fig. 36.8)
1. Body extremely flattened, nearly circular in outline.
2. The test provided with short, delicate spines of almost same size.
3. Oral surface flat, aboral surface slightly convex.
4. Madreporite at the centre of the aboral plate.
5. Mouth communicates with five simple grooves.
6. Anus on the oral surface, close to the border.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Echinodermata
Subphylum — Echinozoa
Class — Echinoidea
Subclass — Euechinoidea
Order — Clypeastroida
Genus — Clypeaster
Vii. Chordata:
i. Pareophthalmus sp. (Mud skipper), and Boleophthalmus sp. (Mud skipper):
(Fig. 36.9)
1. Body elongate.
2. Head sub-cylindrical, covered by a warty skin.
3. Eyes very closely placed, movable to above the dorsal profile of head; lower eye-lid well developed.
4. Mouth slightly oblique.
5. Teeth on both jaws uni-serial.
6. Gill opening obliquely placed.
7. Dorsal fin separate; first dorsal fin with 5 spines;
8. Pelvic fins united and long.
9. Scales small, 125 in longitudinal series.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Chordata
Subphylum — Vertebrata
Superclass — Gnathostomata
Class — Teleostomi
Subclass — Actinopterygii
Superorder — Teleostei
Order — Perciformes
Genus — Boleophthalmus
Genus — Pareophthalmus
ii. Aplocheilus sp. (Previous generic name Panchax) (Fig. 36.10) [Trichoke, Techo-kha, Blue Panchax]:
1. Body elongate, posteriorly complex, attain a length of 8.9 cm.
2. Upper side greenish, becoming dull white with a bluish iridescence on flanks and belly.
3. A distinct white occipital spot in the middle of the head.
4. Eyes large, head length equal to inter-orbital width.
5. Mouth terminal; teeth villiform, in several rows on jaw.
6. Anal fin almost square-shaped. Pelvic fin small, caudal fin rounded.
7. Scale farely large, 30-34 in longitudinal series.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Chordata
Subphylum — Vertebrata
Superclass — Gnathostomata
Class — Teleostomi
Subclass — Actinopterygii
Superorder — Teleostei
Order — Cyprinodontiformes
Genus — Aplocheilus
iii. Arius (= Tachysurus) (Sagar catfish):
(Fig. 36.11)
1. Body elongate, robust, scale-less; snout and head broad and depressed.
2. Barbels three pairs (no nasal barbels); maxillary pair reach to at-least middle of pectoral fins.
3. Dorsal and pectoral fins with a spine. A blackish adipose fin opposite to anal fin.
4. Gill membrane fused with each other and attached to isthmus.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Chordata
Subphylum — Vertebrata
Superclass — Gnathostomata
Class — Teleostomi
Subclass — Actinopterygii
Order — Siluriformes
Genus — Arius (= Tachysurus)
iv. Nandus sp.:
(Fig. 36.12)
1. Body oblong and fairly deep, compressed.
2. Mouth very large, highly protrusible; lower jaw projecting; maxilla reaching beyond hind edge of orbit.
3. Eyes large.
4. Nostrils close together, both close to eyes.
5. Operculum triangular with a single prominent spine.
6. Dorsal fin with 12 to 14 spines and 11 to 13 soft rays; anal fin with 3 spines and 7 to 9 soft rays. Caudal fin slightly rounded.
7. Scales ctenoid.
8. Lateral line incomplete, interrupted at about 36th scale.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Chordata
Subphylum — Vertebrata
Superclass — Gnathostomata
Class — Teleostomi
Subclass — Actinopterygii
Order — Perciformes
Genus — Nandus
VIII. Reptilia:
Trionyx sp.:
1. Bilaterally symmetrical, dorsoventrally compressed body enclosed in a rigid shell formed by a dorsal carapace and a ventral plastron.
2. Limbs modified to paddles for swimming.
3. Digits of pentadactyl limbs clawed.
4. Head and neck retractile within the shell.
5. Jaws with horny sheath and without teeth.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Chordata
Subphylum — Vertebrata
Superclass — Gnathostomata
Class — Reptilia
Subclass — Anapsida
Order — Chelonia
Genus — Trionyx
IX. Aves:
i. Psittacula sp. (Tota):
1. Presence of an exoskeleton of feathers.
2. Plumage green.
3. Bill red, stout, narrow, sharp and hooked at the tip.
4. Bill with soft cere.
5. Teeth absent.
6. Fore limbs modified to wings.
7. Hind limbs with scales and clawed digits.
8. Toes two in front and one behind.
9. Hind limb adapted for grasping.
10. Sternum enlarged and with a median keel.
11. Tail very long.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Chordata
Subphylum — Vertebrata
Superclass — Gnathostomata
Class — Aves
Subclass — Neornithes
Superorder — Neognathae
Order — Psittaciformes
Genus — Psittacula
ii. Ploceus sp. (Babui):
(Fig. 36.13)
1. Presence of an exoskeleton of feathers.
2. Plumage dull-grey and white.
3. Beak small, stout and pointed.
4. Teeth absent.
5. Forelimbs modified to wings.
6. Hind limbs with scales and clawed digits; adapted for perching.
7. Toes 3 in front and 1 behind.
8. Sternum enlarged and with a median keel.
9. Tail short, represented as pygostyle.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Chordata
Subphylum — Vertebrata
Superclass — Gnathostomata
Class — Aves
Subclass — Neornithes
Superorder — Neognathae
Order — Passeriformes
Genus — Ploceus
iii. Dinopium (= Picus) (Wood pecker):
(Fig. 36.14)
1. Presence of an exoskeleton of feathers.
2. Upper plumage golden yellow and black crown or crimson occipital crest.
3. Beak long and pointed.
4. Teeth absent.
5. Tongue long and protrusible.
6. Forelimbs modified into wings.
7. Hind limbs with scales and clawed digits.
8. Four toes, two directed forward and two behind.
9. Adapted for climbing.
10. Sternum enlarged and with a median keel.
11. Tail short, represented as pygostyle.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Chordata
Subphylum — Vertebrata
Superclass — Gnathostomata
Class — Aves
Subclass — Neornithes
Superorder — Neognathae
Order — Piciformes
Genus — Dinopium (= Picus)
X. Mammalia:
i. Rhinolophus sp. (Bat):
1. Small, insectivorous bats.
2. Body covered with soft fur.
3. Presence of large pinnae.
4. Forelimbs with a patagium and modified for flying.
5. Elongated second and fifth digits support the patagium. Only the thumb is clawed.
6. Hind limb digits with sharp claws.
7. Snout short.
8. Teeth thecodont and heterodont.
9. Tail small and included in inter-femoral membrane.
10. Presence of mammary glands and nipples.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Chordata
Subphylum — Vertebrata
Superclass — Gnathostomata
Class — Mammalia
Subclass — Theria
Infraclass — Eutheria
Order — Chiroptera
Suborder — Microchiroptera
Genus — Rhinolophus
ii. Manis sp. (Pangolin: Scaly ant eater):
1. Body roughly spindle-shaped with a long tapering tail.
2. Body covered with large, rounded, horny scales.
3. Snout short and pointed.
4. Eyes small.
5. Pinnae small.
6. Limbs short, with clawed digits.
7. Teeth absent.
8. Tongue long and protrusible.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Chordata
Subphylum — Vertebrata
Superclass — Gnathostomata
Class — Mammalia
Subclass — Theria
Infraclass — Eutheria
Order — Pholidota
Genus — Manis
iii. Herpestes sp. (Mongoose):
(Fig. 36.15)
1. Body roughly spindle-shaped with a long tapering tail and covered with soft fur.
2. Trunk dorsally haunched.
3. Head elongated with a pointed muzzle.
4. Pinnae medium-sized and round.
5. Complicated folds in the pinna close ear opening, if necessary.
6. Limbs short with 5 digits in each.
7. Digits of the hind limb clawed.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Chordata
Subphylum — Vertebrata
Superclass — Gnathostomata
Class — Mammalia
Subclass — Theria
Infraclass — Eutheria
Order — Carnivora
Genus — Herpestes
iv. Mus sp. (Mouse):
1. Body divisible into distinct head, neck, trunk and tail. Covered with soft fur.
2. Head slightly compressed laterally with a pointed snout.
3. Mouth opening narrow and bounded by soft upper and lower lips.
4. The upper lip is cleft in the middle.
5. Whiskers present on either side of the nostrils.
6. Upper and lower eyelids with eye lashes.
7. Pinnae large and round.
8. The neck is short.
9. Tail cylindrical, longer than the trunk, and covered with epidermal scales arranged in rings.
10. Incisors one pair, chisel-like and exposed.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Chordata
Subphylum — Vertebrata
Superclass — Gnathostomata
Class — Mammalia
Subclass — Theria
Infraclass — Eutheria
Order — Rodentia
Genus — Mus
v. Lemur sp.:
(Fig. 36.17)
1. Body covered with hairs.
2. Limbs suited for grasping and supporting.
3. Polex and hallux opposable.
4. Second digit of the foot bears a pointed claw.
5. Other digits have flat nails.
6. Face long and fox-like.
7. Eyes surrounded by long orbit.
8. Lips adherent to the gums and not protrusible.
9. The first pair of incisors separated in the middle line.
Systematic position:
Phylum — Chordata
Subphylum — Vertebrata
Superclass — Gnathostomata
Class — Mammalia
Subclass — Theria
Infraclass — Eutheria
Order — Primates
Suborder — Lemuroidea
Genus —Lemur