Isozymes: Definition, Occurrence and Characteristics!

Definition of Isozymes:

The enzymes that occur in a number of differ­ent forms and differ from each other chemically, immunologically and electrophoretically are called “Isoenzymes” or “isozymes”.

Occurrence of Isozymes:

Isozymes are present in the serum and tissues of mammals, amphibians, birds, insects, plants and unicellular organisms.

Examples:

Isozymes of numerous dehydro­genases, and several oxidases, transaminases, phosphatases, transphosphorylases, proteolytic en­zymes, aldolases.

Characteristics of Isozymes:

1. They catalyze the same reaction but they can be distinguished by physical meth­ods such as electrophoresis or by immu­nological methods.

2. The difference between some isozymes are due to differences in the quarternary structure of the enzymes, e.g., lactate dehydro­genase exists in five isozymic forms.

3. The isozymic forms of lactate dehydroge­nase are tetramers, each is made up from two types of units H and M. The molecu­lar weight of active lactate dehydrogenase is 1,30,000. Only the tetrameric molecule possesses catalytic activity.

The subunits are expressed in the following 5 ways:

4. Splitting and reconstitution of lactate de­hydrogenase –I1 or lactate dehydrogenase- 15 produces on new isozymes. Therefore, each consists of a single subunit.

But when a mixture of purified lactate de­hydrogenase – I1 and lactate dehydroge­nase – I5 is subjected to splitting and re- constitution, lactate dehydrogenase – I2, – I3 and – I4 are also produced.

The ap­proximate proportions of the isozymes result if the relationships are:

Synthesis of H and M subunits are con­trolled by distinct genetic loci.

5. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the transfer of two electrons and one hy­drogen ion from lactate to NAD:

6. Medical discovery in 1957 had shown that the relative proportions of several lactate dehydrogenase isozymes of human serum were changed significantly in some pathologic conditions.

Method of Assay:

1. Serum sample is subjected to electro­phoresis at pH 8.6 using starch, agar me­dium.

2. The isozymes have different charges at this pH and migrate to 5 regions of the electrophoretogram.

3. Isozymes are then localized by means of their ability to catalyse reduction of a col­ourless dye to a coloured form.

Diagnostic Importance of Isozymes:

1. In certain solid tumors, there is an increase in serum LD1 and LD2. These isoenzymes are also present in the blood of patients with acute leukemia.

2. LD5 is usually the predominant isozyme in the tumors.

3. Serum isozyme levels are elevated in acute leukemia.

4. Alkaline phosphatase isozymes can dis­tinguish liver lesions from bone lesions in metastatic carcinoma.

5. The normal serum is 0 enzyme levels of LDH are:

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