In this article we will discuss about the classification of genomics.
Genomics is any attempt to analyse or compare the entire genetic complement of a species. Several classifications of genomes have been proposed. Structural genomics predicts the structure of all proteins. The wide efforts to determine 3-D proteins structure are still in their infancy. The relationship between sequence structure and functions is in ambiguity.
Proteins are descendent from common ancestor (homologus). Comparative genomics deals with sequence similarities of two i.e., either DNA or RNA. Certain software tools like BLAST that efficiently perform sequence alignment against large databases of known sequence. Three dimensional (3D) protein structures have traditionally been characterized by low profile X-ray crystallography.
According to experience by structural biologist, high throughput sequence and microarrays takes full complements. The high throughput determines protein structure is a complement to the genome sequence information and will ultimately to large catalogue of 3-D shapes of many proteins. Structural based genomics is developing rapidly and the establishment of collaborative industrial consortium due to its role in drug designing.
The goal of new functional genomics field to bring new technologies to bear on studying gene expression on a high throughput pattern. The large volume of genomics and expressed sequence tag (EST) sequence data that has accumulated over the past few years.
The complex sequence of newly two dozen prokaryotic genomics and the unicellular eukaryotic yeast are available on Eutrez, Genomic Division. Although expressed sequence tags (EST) sequence is still the popular and standard methodology for gene discovery in many crops, a reduction in the cost of DNA sequence has led to progress towards whole genome sequencing. Databases:
Due to unprecedented growth in DNA sequencing information, development of specific DNA sequence databases became essential criteria. Maximum output of sequence databases has emerged in 1986 from the collaboration of Gen Bank of EMBL and was later joined by DNA Data Bank of Japan. This sequence database contains over 7.4 million plant sequence.
In addition to the above sequence database these have developed a demand for species-specific databases. One of the first such databases, AC DB, was introduced in 1989. It provides a custom database with a graphical user interface. Recently, graphical user interface has been implicated for crop genome databases which provide a more user friendly search environment.
Comparative Genomics:
It deals with the study of multiple whole genomes for understanding the differences and similarities between all the genes of the multiple species. For example in the phylogenic tree analysis two specialized concepts are the rooted and unrooted trees.
Phylogenetic trees are designed to reveal evolutionary relationship among DNA or protein sequences. In unrooted trees, when distantly related sequence for comparison has not included when an unrooted tree is required.