In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of Proteomics 2. Types of Proteomics 3. Significance.
Meaning of Proteomics:
The term proteomics was coined in mid 1990s at the back drop of successful genomics. In bioinformatics point of view proteomics is the databases of protein sequence, databases of predicted protein structures and more recently, databases of protein expression analysis. As more protein structures are identified, the relationship between structure and functions became easier to predict.
In addition, databases of protein structure and corporating tools facilitating the identification of common protein structure and their predicted functions. In this technique individually purified ligands such as proteins, peptides, antibodies, antigens, and carbohydrates are spotted on to a derivatized surface and are generally used for examining protein expression levels for protein profiling.
A major challenge facing plant biotechnology and other bioinformatics research community is the translation of complete genome DNA sequence data into protein structure and predicted functions. Such a steps will provide the key link between the genotypes of an organism and its expressed phenotype.
The growth of proteomics is a direct result of advances made in large scale nucleotide sequencing of expressed sequence tags (EST). Although mass spectrometry or more popularly MS technology has been considered as versatile tool for examining simultaneous expression of more than 1000 proteins and identification, mapping of post-translational modifications (Table 25.5).
These methods performed in a latest array of technology resulted in large-scale characterization of protein location, protein-protein interaction and protein functions.
Insilico methodologies are being developed to identify protein interaction from genome sequence. For example, 6809 putative protein-protein interaction has been identified in Escherichia coli and more than 45,000 have been identified in yeast and large number of these interactions is functionally related.
Types of Proteomics:
i. Structural Proteomics:
One of the main targets of proteomics investigation is to map the structure of protein complexes or the proteins present in a specific cellular organelle known as cell map or structural proteins. Structural proteomics attempt to identify all the proteins within a protein complex and characterization all protein-protein interactions. Isolation of specific protein complex by purification can simplify the proteomic analysis.
ii. Functional Proteomics:
It mainly includes isolation of protein complexes or the use of protein ligands to isolate specific types of proteins. It allows selected groups of proteins to be studied its chracteristics which can provide important information about protein signalling and disease mechanism etc.
Significance of Proteomics:
i. Protein profiling:
Bioinformatics has been widely employed in protein-profiling, where question of protein structural information for the purpose of protein identification, characterization and database is carried out. The spectrum of protein expressed in a cell type provides the cell with its unique identity. It explores how the protein complement changes in a cell type during development in response to environmental stress.
ii. Protein arrays:
Protein microarrays facilitate the detection of protein protein interaction and protein expression profiling. Several protein microarray examples indicate that protein arrays hold great promise for the global analysis of protein-protein and protein-ligand interaction.
iii. Proteomics to a phosphorylation:
In post-translational modification of protein, mass spectrometer (MS) can be used to identify novel phosphorylation. Measure changes in phosphorylation state of protein takes place in response to an effective and determining phosphorylation sites in proteins.
Identification of phosphorylation sites can provide information about the mechanism of enzyme regulation and protein kinase and phosphotases involved. A proteomics approach for this process has an advantage that one can study all the phosphorylating proteins in a cell at the same time.
iv. Proteome mining:
Proteome mining is a functional proteomic approach used to extract information from the analysis of specific sub-proteomics. In principle, it is based on the assumption. In principle, it is based oil the assumption that all drug like molecule selectively compete with a natural cellular ligand for a binding site on a protein target.