Read this article to learn about Pediatrics Diseases. After reading this essay you will learn about: 1. Marasmus 2. Kwashiorkor 3. Rickets 4. Scurvy 5. Nocturnal Enuresis or Bedwetting 6. Colic 7. Attention Deficit 8. Delayed Teething 9. Febrile Convulsion during Teething 10. Teething Diarrhoea 11. Acute Rheumatic Fever 12. Diphtheria 13. Acute Epidemic Parotiditis or Mumps and Others.

Contents:

  1. Essay on Marasmus
  2. Essay on Kwashiorkor
  3. Essay on Rickets
  4. Essay on Scurvy
  5. Essay on Nocturnal Enuresis or Bedwetting
  6. Essay on Colic
  7. Essay on Attention Deficit
  8. Essay on Delayed Teething
  9. Essay on Febrile Convulsion during Teething
  10. Essay on Teething Diarrhoea
  11. Essay on Acute Rheumatic Fever
  12. Essay on Diphtheria
  13. Essay on Acute Epidemic Parotiditis or Mumps and Others
  14. Essay on Whooping Cough:
  15. Essay on Acute Catarrhal or Dyspeptic Diarrhoea
  16. Essay on Infantile Inflammatory Diarrhoea or Enterocolitis
  17. Essay on Epidemic Diarrhoea
  18. Essay on Worms Infestation
  19. Essay on Meningitis
  20. Essay on Viral Encephalitis
  21. Essay on Tuberculous Meningitis
  22. Essay on Acute Bronchopneumonia

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 1. Marasmus:

Child is showing progressive loss of subcutaneous fat, and is irritable and cries excessively, has sunken and lusture-less eyes and sunken anterior fontanelle. Has lower body temperature, delayed milestones. This condition is MARASMUS.

Marasmus is caused by insufficiency of diet, unsuitable feeding habits, disturbed mother-child relationship, inability to take food properly due to local lesions of the mouth, cleft palate, hare lip, thrush and chronic nasal obstruction. Lack of proper digestion due to chronic infection. Impaired absorption, defective metabolism or unsatisfactory utilization.

Education, and counseling is most important to the parents and people around. They should be taught and trained in avoiding and correcting the mentioned causes above. Protection against the infection and surgical correction of the defects. Treatment for stimulating the appetite shall be instituted. And to aid the digestion, enzyme preparations may be suggested.

Abrotanum:

Abrotanum is a very powerful children’s remedy in malnutrition, failure to thrive, and marasmus. Child is very irritable, depressed, hyperactive, with a very negative behavior pattern. All of a sudden these changes and the mood is elevated. The Abrotanum disorders go to the intestine and when the mood is better there is better colon activity.

This is seen with alternation of constipation and diarrhoea. In elders this is useful in conditions like Crohn’s disease, colitis, irritable bowel syndrome. Another keynote is that the child has big appetite but lose weight. (lod., Cina) and has no muscular strength.

Aethusa:

Aethusa it has inability to digest milk. There is marked aggravation of diarrhoea with warm milk. Improperly fed babies. There is so great weakness that they cannot hold their heads. This is often during the dentition time and summer time, the whole process sets in. There is brain fatigue, inability to think to fix attention. Restless, anxious and crying. There is attention deficit. Hungry after vomiting is the keynote.

ledum:

ledum there is rapid metabolism causing rapid emaciation, weight loss. But the appetite is great. Better after eating, great debility, slightest efforts induce perspiration.

Silicea:

Silicea helps defective nutrition, especially in children, due to defective assimilation. Scrofulous rickety children with large head and open fontanelles. Distended, hard and hot abdomen, wasted in legs and walking very slowly. Malnutrition and arrested development causing great emaciation.

Natrum muriaticum:

Natrum muriaticum emaciation is marked, due to defect in nourishment. They are particularly around the neck. They have ravenous appetite, and despite this grow thin. At least, they do not grow fat. This is similar to Iodine but the emaciation around the neck is characteristic of Natrum. It has well-marked thirst.

Magnesium carb:

Magnesium carb are puny and sickly from defective nutrition. There is severe diarrhoea that accompanies a cramping, much griping and rumbling in abdomen, with typically greenish stools. The child is poorly nourished, and the mouth is full of aphthous ulcers. These indications demonstrate poor nourishment.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 2. Kwashiorkor:

A progressively losing weight child, in spite of much generalized oedema, cold extremities. Expressionism is apathetic but resents attention, wants to be left alone; watery offensive stools and dehydration, and with enlarged liver, a picture of malnutrition. The case is that of KWASHIORKOR.

These cases need more than any therapeutic remedial measures, a proper care and management through adequate proteins. Prevention of early weaning, and education of mother. High protein and low fat, low sugar diet, palatable and digestible, with small and frequent feeds. There should be gradual increase in the diet.

Vitamins A and B Complex, particularly Riboflavin, should be a part of the diet. Soya-bean meals, maize flour, pulses and sweet banana, egg flip should be a part of the diet on recovery. Symptomatic treatment for the case as in marasmus, and, if there are any infections, they should be treated.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 3. Rickets:

A child, usually between the age of four months and two years, restless and irritable, with sweating of head, and a large head compared to the body, beading of ribs, enlargement of epiphyses at wrist and with delay in dentition. The condition is RICKETS. This is a Calcium and Vit. D deficiency disorder.

Apart from treatment here the supplementary diet rich in Vit. D and Calcium should be instituted. Calciferol (Vit. D2) is tasteless and can be added to milk. Fortified Milk with Vit. D3 is advised. Fortified fish, oils should be added in later years of life.

Calcarea phos:

Calcarea phos especially called in for defective nutrition. Therefore useful in childhood as well in the puberty and old age. The child is thin and emaciated with sunken rather flabby abdomen, and predisposed to glandular and osseous diseases.

The head is large, both the fontanelles are open, the cranial bones are unnaturally thin, and brittle. Late development of teeth, and has a curvature of the spine. Slow to learn to walk, and because of weak spine cannot support the body.

The neck is so thin that it cannot support the head. Persistent vomiting of milk and suffers from colics. The stools are often green, slimy and lienteric, accompanied by flatus, and profuse. There is craving for ham or bacon; mentally very depressed, slow of comprehension. It is an excellent remedy to prevent rickets. If this fails, Silicea should be thought of.

Silicea:

Silicea has typical characteristic features of rickets. The symptoms appear mostly from infancy, imperfectly nourished child, not from defective type of food it takes but from defective assimilation. Face and head have offensive sweat, slow learning to walk.

The fibrous parts of the joint are swollen and inflamed, has a knob-like appearance. Silicea was found very useful in cases of after-effects of vaccination. Silicea is useful in scrofulous children where there are curvature of the bones, spinal as well lateral curvature and when there is caries of vertebral column.

Magnesia mur:

Magnesia mur is indicated in those with rickets where there is enlargement of the liver and when they are short in their growth. They are very easily susceptible to skin infection, particularly tinea ciliaris. There is sweat in the feet but not offensive as in Silicea.

Sulphur:

Sulphur often useful at the commencement of the disease, with a typical temperament. Sweats out the head, during sleep, and marked tendency to eruption on the skin. Because of the defective osseous growth the anterior fontanelle remain open too long.

The child has a voracious appetite and greedily clutches whatever offered, as if it was starved. There is defective assimilation, and is not appropriated to the nourishment. So the child is always hungry and emaciated. The child looks shrivelled, and dried up, like little old man, the skin hangs in folds-wrinkled and flabby.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 4. Scurvy:

Child, usually between the age of 9 months to 2 years, complains of painful legs and is irritable. There is anaemia and characteristic sub-periosteal haemorrhages in the ends of the long bones. The condition is SCURVY.

Scurvy is a deficiency disorder found more common in artificially fed infants where the plasma ascorbic acid is very low and vitamin C level is less than 0.1 (g.dl -1) in the leucocyte-platelet layer of the centrifuged blood — indicates deficiency. It is precipitated by febrile diseases, infections or diarrhoea.

The anaemia is usually hypochromic but occasionally a normochromic or megaloblastic anaemia is seen. Often this anaemia is due to iron deficiency — due to decreased absorption and loss due to haemorrhage. In the gums only if the teeth have erupted, common at the base of incisors.

There will be swelling of gums with a thin purple line and fleshy mass. Scorbutic beading of the ribs due to backward displacement of sternum and costal cartilages. Low grade fever is common.

Carbo vegetabilis:

Carbo vegetabilis acts upon the venous circulation, and capillaries blood seem to stagnate causing blueness, coldness and ecchymoses. Limbs are heavy and stiff and feel paralyzed, want of muscular energy, paralytic weakness of the wrist, and of the fingers when holding anything, burning pains in the bones and limbs. Gums are retracted and bleed easily, painful while chewing. Bleeds when cleaning teeth.

Staphysagria:

Staphysagria teeth turn black and have dark streaks through them, and cannot be kept clean. They crumble, decay on edges, scorbutic cachexia. In the mouth, there are pale bleeding gums, salivation and spongy gums bleed easily. Muscles of limbs feel very beaten and painful, joints are stiff.

More than selecting the remedies, most important is the diet. It is suggested to give orange juice to infants who are bottle-fed. And the nursing mothers should be encouraged to eat more of fruits and green vegetables and should be more careful about their diet. There should be supplement of ascorbic acid in the food to 1 g daily.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 5. Nocturnal Enuresis or Bedwetting:

There is a complaint from the mother that child wets the bed often during night, or regularly. This condition is NOCTURNAL ENURESIS OR BEDWETTING. Nocturnal Enuresis or bedwetting, in common language, is an obstinate condition and needs a very close study of each case.

It belongs to pseudo-psoric or tubercular miasm, and some cases belong to sycotic miasm. Bed wetting by children beyond the age when control of urinary bladder should have been acquired due to delay in maturing physiological reflex bladder control.

Cina or santonin — active principle of Cina, and often indicated in wormy child. It is specially indicated when urine grows milky on standing. The general characters of Cina will be present — grinding of teeth, irritable temper and sour smell of the body. Hungry, and greater the hunger, greater the emaciation. The child sleeps on the belly or on the hands and knee.

Benzoic acid:

Benzoic acid urine is very hot, dark brown, strong foul smelling. Having odour of horses urine. Urine is ammonical in smell. The sheets on which the child sleeps get unusually stained brown.

Causticum:

Causticum paralytic bladder from long retention of urine, and consequent incontinence. Involuntary urine during first sleep at night or from slightest excitement. Involuntary passage of urine on coughing or sneezing. Urine dribbles or passes slowly.

And is passed better sitting. Urine is black, dark, cloudy white, and with itching of the meatus. Worse in winter and better in summer. Tendency to escape during the day on laughing or coughing or any extra exertion.

Sepia:

Sepia like causticum, bedwetting is during the first sleep, or as soon as the child goes to sleep. Involuntary, worse coughing, sneezing, laughing, hearing sudden noise, fright or inattention. Urine stream is feeble, slow thick foul grity red adhesive sandy sediment — often bloody and milky.

Verbascum:

Verbascum bedwetting at night, worse on coughing. And the child has during the day constant dribbling. With the increase in pressure in bladder there is burning urination. It is found to be more useful in drop doses of mother tincture, in warm water three to four times a day. Verbascum oil is also used in some cases.

Equisetum:

Equisetum nocturnal bed wetting in children without any apparent cause except habit or with dreams or nightmares, when passing urine in bed. Otherwise there is constant desire to pass urine during the day. Frequent urination with severe pain at the close of urination. Use 30th potency.

Plantago:

Plantago has considerable clinical reputation in the treatment of earache, toothache and bedwetting. There is tenderness over the kidney area, on pressure. Delayed and dribbling urine, and nocturnal bedwetting is due to laxity of sphincter. Irritable bladder that causes frequency of urination.

Rhus aromaticus:

Rhus aromaticus bedwetting is due to bladder atony, also for senile incontinence. There is severe pain during or at the beginning of urination. The urine is pale and albuminous. 10 drops of mother tincture a dose. Apart from these remedial measures the patient should be advised to refrain from drinking water immediately before sleeping.

Habit should be developed to pass urine before sleeping. At times excessive cold room or sleeping without the warm covering may cause this enuresis.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 6. Colic:

Child suddenly is seized with pain in the abdomen, becomes restless and cranky folds the legs near the abdomen and cries. This condition is COLIC. Children are often affected with severe abdominal pain called colic. There are many reasons those can be attributed to.

Many remedies can be thought of but the main remedies are:

Chamomilla:

Chamomilla the child is whining, restless, spiteful, snappish, and want to be carried and held all the time. Complains are from anger and vexation. Distended abdomen, and spells of colic from tirr to time, flatulent colic after anger, with red cheeks. Griping in the region of umbilicus, and pain in small of the back, cutting wind colic more at night, worse urinating and better by warm application.

Cina:

Cina ill-humored child, with bloated abdomen, twisting pain about about the navel, better on applying pressure.

Colocynth:

Colocynth agonizing cutting pain in abdomen causing patient to bend over double pressing on the abdomen, colicky pains are violent, cutting, griping, grasping, clutching or radiating. These pains come in waves, worse by least food or drink, during the colic the child lies on abdomen and screams.

Magnesia phos:

Magnesia phos severe griping colic, at time shooting upwards to stomach, better by hot application. Flatulent colic forcing the patient to bend double, relieved by rubbing, warmth, pressure accompanied with belching gas — that gives no relief. Bloated, full sensation in the abdomen, must loosen clothes, walk about and constantly pass flatus.

Nux vomica:

Nux vomica colic is most common in nursing infants from stimulating food taken by mother. Flatulent distension with spasmodic colic, bowels gripe here and there, causing sore abdomen. Umbilical hernia of children due to constipation.

Hiccough from over-eating, from cold or warm drink, sour taste in the mouth in the morning after eating. Nausea and vomiting with much retching. Nausea is better if patient can vomit. Spasms and over-sensitiveness and chilliness are three main points of Nux vom.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 7. Attention Deficit:

Mother informs that all these days the child was very good at studies and attentive but lately has started falling back in the class and cannot concentrate. It is a case of ATTENTION DEFICIT. Attention deficit child or learning disabled child is often very bright but have poor self-confidence, inadequate learning style or family history of abuse or neglect.

There is absence of encouragement, or belief in themselves. They may be dyslexic, having auditory or visual problems.

They do not have any inspiring role models. They may also have physiologic sequelae of their mother’s drug or alcohol abuse in utero. This last cause may not be very pertinent in our Indian scenario. But some people who are pseudo-rich may indulge in these activities without knowing their consequences.

Nux vomica:

Nux vomica children with extreme tension, they are hard driving with competitive spirit, and always strive to be number one. They tend to be irritable and perfectionist. Sensitive to light and noise, and have difficulty in sleeping. They wake up early in the morning at 3 a.m. and start thinking about the daily chore. They crave spices fatty food, and stimulants. Their physical problems are indigestion and constipation.

Chamomilla:

Chamomilla these are angry children, and irritable to the extreme. Always complaining type — whine and cry. They reject whatever offered and do not seem to know what they want. Restless and want to be carried and rocked all the time. But they do not like to be touched. They tend to have intestinal colic and diarrhoea like chopped spinach.

Crotalus cascavella:

Crotalus cascavella these are fearful children and have characteristic fear of being alone. They always feel that someone is following them from behind: ghosts, spirits and snakes, they dream of hairy spiders, are talkative and hurried. They get into fits of rage. Hives usually in one part of body.

Natrum sulph:

Natrum sulph a medicine for depression developing after head injury. Depression primarily from being scorned in relationship situations. Child may feel very bad about himself, isolate himself and may even consider suicide. These children have tendency to experiment with drugs. On the physical side there may be warts or asthma.

Colocynthis:

Colocynthis anger and indignation are the main feelings of these children. They are easily offended by insults, humiliation or feeling unappreciated. They are highly sensitive to pain.

Arsenic alb:

Arsenic alb very restless and insecure, with lot of anxiety about their health and often fear of death. Disproportionate terror of being left alone. Always worried about the germ contamination. These children are anxious like more adult like, than adults than their age. They are needy, whiny and impatient.

Bismuth subnitricum:

Bismuth subnitricum: children who cling desperately to the fingers of their parents. Just out of terror of being alone. Cannot remain alone for a moment not, even till the one comes out of the bathroom or toilet. Often very thirsty and has vomiting as soon the water reaches the stomach.

Hyoscyamus:

Hyoscyamus act successively, silly jokes and show off, talk too much. They try to attract attention by whatever means. Throw tantrums. Jealousy is a problem. This can turn into malicious violence against the younger sibling. These children are precocious sexually and do masturbate in public. Bed wetting may be a persistent complaint.

Aethusa cyn:

Aethusa cyn one very characteristic symptom here is inability to think or fix attention. Usually happens to students who overwork beyond their capacity. And then there is inability to think and fix attention. They become restless and anxious and irritable. The results is seen at failure in the examination. These children are idiotic looking, and are awkward in their behaviour.

Baryta carb:

Baryta carb this brings help to scrofulous children who are backward—mentally and physically. Dull and apathetic, do not grow and develop. They are shy of strangers, forgetful, have loss of memory, mental weakness, are irresolute and have lost confidence in themselves. Are bashful and timid. Mental grasp is very slow. Deficient memory. Cannot remember and learn.

Carcinocin:

Carcinocin there is a great fear of failure. Fear in examination, fear of heights and crowd. Difficult concentration. There is Autism and mental retardation. Hyperactivity. Hyperactivity with a result, cannot fix attention. Attention-deficit syndrome, has obsessive compulsive disorder.

Medorrhinum:

Medorrhinum they are desperate, sad, tearful and fearful individuals. People with weak memory and cannot concentrate. Suddenly loses the thread in conversation. Forgets name, errands, repeats again and again. Apprehensive and anticipates events. Many cases of stunted growth and arrested development in children are due to latent gonorrhoea.

Lyssin (rabies nosode):

Lyssin (rabies nosode) this suits children who have been sexually abused. These are the most violent and difficult to handle. There is often a history of dog bite or is scared of dogs, fear of water, claustrophobic. These children may aggravate by sound or sight of running water and bedwetting may be a problem. There is torment followed by rage.

Scorpion androcotonos amurreuxi helbraeu (Tincture of the living animal): children who lack conscience and compassion for the suffering of others. These children can be extremely violent, hurting may even commit murder. Parents of these children often fear that these children are heading for life of criminal violence.

They are detached from other people and like to remain alone. These children view the world from a small hole in the rocks like a Scorpio does. They are self-centered, indifferent to pleasure or pain and live in a self-imposed isolation.

Bufo rana (Toad):

Bufo rana (Toad) this is a medicine for slow, coarse children, with particularly strong interest in sex and masturbation. They do not comprehend well, have dull look, thick lips. They rely on the basic instincts and instant gratification. Music and bright objects are intolerable. They are averse to being misunderstood. Seizures are common.

Zincum metallicum:

Zincum metallicum the children here are fidgety and restless. Their nervous system is hyperactive with twitching, jerking, and even convulsions. Restless legs in bed is characteristic. Sensitive, complaining type. They are dull and make lots of mistakes in speaking and writing.

Baryta carb:

Baryta carb dependence is the main character, for anything that he is supposed to do on his own needs a help. They are passive and indecisive. Delayed development academically and socially. They find it difficult to grasp concepts or skills. They hide behind their mothers, and are timid about trying anything new.

Prone to chronic tonsillitis, with huge tonsils. Crave eggs. We are observing that more and more children are being labelled as Autistic or Attention-deficit. And if we study these emotional phases in their life one can possibly restore them to normalcy.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 8. Delayed Teething:

Ten month child brought with the complaint of no teething yet, but instead many constitutional disturbances like fever, convulsions and diarrhoea from time to time. This is a case of DELAYED TEETHING. We are often confronted with children of a very tender age with the problem of dentition.

Cutting of tooth is truly a physiologic process and the healthy children pass of that period without any complaint or any constitutional signs and symptoms.

No doubt there is increased activity during that period of dentition and if there are predisposition to any disorder the eruption of teeth will occur with much pain and suffering, accompanied with constitutional disturbances, often of a marked degree, such as diarrhoea, dysentery, spasms, convulsions, febrile states, abscesses in the middle ear, disturbances of digestion, meningeal congestions and inflammations.

Thrush and stomatitis are of psoric origin, but when we see a true ulcer in the mouth or in any other adjoining mucous surface, it is no more a Psoric. The true ulcer is syphilitic, or tubercular in origin. Any glandular involvement — swellings or induration taking place in the teeth or the dental arch are of syphilitic or of tubercular diathesis.

When we come across haemorrhage in the mouth, excessive bleeding of the gums or if they are soft we attribute that to tubercular diathesis. Gums bleed at the slightest touch, gums recede from the teeth or they are soft and spongy and bleed while brushing. The dental arch is imperfect, often decaying, or becoming carious before they are entirely through the gums, or before they are perfectly developed.

Calcarea carb:

Calcarea carb has tardy teething and late walking. They do not want to put their feet on the ground, are emaciated, with big head and belly. These children are susceptible to cold, and take cold easily in the chest. Dull and lethargic — do not want to play. They sweat profusely with a sour smell to the perspiration. Offensive taste to the mouth, with bleeding gums.

Calcarea phos:

Calcarea phos affects the nutrition of the bones and glands. There is slow development of the teeth, slow in walking; neck is too thin to hold the head. On examination we may find adenoids growing. As there is delayed teething, there is decaying of the teeth after they erupt. Often there is convulsion without fever.

Silicea:

Silicea in children there is defective nutrition due to imperfect assimilation. Teeth crumble, break down, lose their enamel, become rough and carious, abscesses at the root of the teeth; they are sensitive to cold. Gums have painful boils on them.

Kreosotum:

Kreosotum very rapid decay of the teeth with spongy and bleeding gums, teeth are dark and crumbly, black spots on the teeth, putrid odour of the mouth, has a very painful dentition.

Mercurius vivus:

Mercurius vivus there is increased saliva flow during sleep. Gums are spongy, recede and bleed easily. Teeth are hollow, black, pain is worse on heat and cold.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 9. Febrile Convulsion during Teething:

An infant in the process of teething develops fever which rises suddenly causing the infant to go into convulsion; the case is FEBRILE CONVULSION DURING TEETHING.

Belladonna:

Belladonna as already stated earlier, ailments from dentition can be produced in susceptible individuals which may include fever and convulsions. These are plethoric children with red face, bilious children and lymphatic temperament who are very jovial and intelligent otherwise but violent when sick.

It acts on nerve centers-producing twitching, convulsions and pain. It produces an active congestion. Violence and suddenness of attack are the characteristic. Pupils are dilated and staring and brilliant. Eyes snap, and move quickly.

Chamomilla:

Chamomilla it is hypersensitive to pain. Irritable and colicky baby. Mostly during their teething period. Always better from being carried, warm and wet weather, worse from anger and at night. Swelling or redness of cheek, one cheek red and hot and the other cold and pale. Child is chilly yet gets easily overheated. Thirst during fever.

Helleborus:

Helleborus this remedy is for low state of vitality, and serious diseases. There is general muscular weakness. The child is dull, stupid-looking, slow of perception or apathetic, slow in answering. Picks at lips and clothes. And has sinking sensation. It is advisable to give a tepid water sponging and keep cologne water strips on the forehead and abdomen; keep the room airy and cool.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 10. Teething Diarrhoea:

Mother of the teething child complains that the child has started suddenly loose watery stools of variable colour and consistency. TEETHING DIARRHOEA. In fact there is no condition like teething diarrhoea but it is a diarrhoea during the teething process in some predisposed or susceptible children, this constitutional complaint is given importance in Homoeopathy.

Calcarea carb:

Calcarea carb children crave for eggs, and eat dirt, and other indigestible things and are prone to diarrhoea. During teething there are many complaints, and are susceptible to cold. Sweats easy and has a sour sweat. The stools are chalky, gray or green, watery stools, the stools are first hard then pasty and then liquid. Worsens on eating and drinking. Undigested stools. This associated with difficult and delayed dentition.

Aethusa Cynapium:

Aethusa Cynapium this remedy is suited to infants, teething children, having cholera disorders and the elderly. It has undigested, thin, greenish stool preceded by colic with tenesmus followed by exhaustion and weakness. There is intolerance of milk, vomits everything taken.

Borax:

Borax it is suited to children during the period of dentition. To children with lax skin and muscles getting cold in cold and wet weather. Colic with tendency to diarrhoea after every feed or a meal. Burning in the rectum after stool, and stools turning green or persisteritly green like boiled starch, or loose pasty offensive stools. There are bleeding gums and painful gum boils.

Chamomilla:

Chamomilla diarrhoea during dentition, from cold or from anger. Stools are hot, green, watery, fetid slimy with colic. Stools can be sour, grass green, slimy. Yellow-green or lienteric, smelling like bad egg. And look like chopped eggs and spinach. Develops haemorrhoids with fissures. The child is spiteful and uncivil. Irritable.

Ferrum met.:

Ferrum met. pain in the teeth relieved by icy cold water, but stomach won’t tolerate any food and causes distension. Diarrhoea is painless, worse while eating. Stools are undigested. Useful in summer diarrhoea.

Ipecacuhana:

Ipecacuhana it has persistent nausea and vomiting. Dysenteric stools with tenesmus while straining. Stools brown, grass or yellow green, frothy molasses-like or slimy. Or pitch-like green as grass, with griping at the navel. At times there are lumps of mucus in the stool.

Podophyllum:

Podophyllum it is remedy for bilious constitution. Headache alternating with diarrhoea. It is of a long-standing nature, early in the morning with the teething process, with hot glowing cheeks. Gurgling through the bowels, profuse putrid stools gush out painlessly.

Green water, fetid and profuse, followed by weakness. Summer diarrhoea. The stools are involuntary in sleep, when passing flatus. Constipation alternating with diarrhoea. Often there is prolapse of rectum.

Rheum palmatum:

Rheum palmatum the grand key note of this remedy is sourness. The stools are sour, the taste is sour and the whole body is sour. No amount of washing helps. Such a condition is peculiar to children during the dentition, or in nursing children. Shivering with stool is characteristic. The colic is severe, compelling one to bend double.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 11. Acute Rheumatic Fever:

Usually a child between the age of 5-15 years. Patient comes with a sudden fever, fleeting joint pains, affecting large joints, which are swollen red and tender, malaise and loss of appetite. This condition is probably ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER.

On examination we may find heart murmurs, new or changed murmurs if there has been a history earlier of similar episode. There may be transient diastolic murmur due to mitral valvulitis. The arthritis associated with rheumatic fever is classically fleeting in type, affecting knees, elbows and ankles.

As the inflammation in one joint recedes, another becomes affected. ECG may show signs of pericarditis (raised ST segment) or myocarditis (inverted or flattened T wave) or may show some cardiac arrhythmia.

The rest shall be for at least 4-6 weeks till the intensity of the murmur is reduced, or has become stabilized, and the sleeping pulse rate is below 100/pm. The convalescence may take at times more than 6 months. Throat swabs are cultured for Group A Streptococcus, ESR and C-reactive proteins are elevated. If there are symptoms of throat it is necessary to treat them first to avoid further infection.

Belladonna:

Belladonna there is sore throat with red faces and pain causing irritation, dry tickling cough, short and mostly at night. Stitches in the chest while coughing. Larynx is very painful. Throat is dry and hot. Throbbing all over.

Throbbing in the carotids and temporal artery. Palpitation from least exertion, rapid but weakened pulse, at times the pulse is full hard and tense. Joints are swollen, red shining with red streaks radiating. Pains are shifting.

Aurum met:

Aurum met sore throat of Aurum is peculiar, stitching when swallowing pain in glands. Tonsils are swollen are ulcerated. Boring and burning pains are predominate. The pulse is rapid, feeble and irregular. Sensation as if heart stopped beating. Oppression of the heart.

Mercurius:

Mercurius sore throat, smarting and burning, difficult swallowing, with typical attack like tonsillitis. Palpitation in the heart on slight exertion. Awakes with the cardiac tremor. Pulse is irregular, quick, strong intermittent.

Rhus tox:

Rhus tox soreness in the throat, better on warm drinks. Pains in joints are tearing, shooting and stitching and the joints feel bruised and stiff. This develops more in cold damp weather. The onset may start after an attack of Influenza. Rheumatic pains spread over a large surface.

Kalmia:

Kalmia affects the nerves, heart and circulation and a rheumatic remedy. Heart’s action is tumultuous, rapid and visible. Fluttering of heart with anxiety. Pains are sharp burning shooting, radiating to the left scapula and arm. Palpitation is worse on leaning forward.

Spigelia:

Spigelia violent, audible palpitation, throbbing of carotids, subclavian arteries, radiating to throat, arms and scapular soreness, purring in the region of the heart. Pulse is intermittent with palpitation weak. Recurrences are almost common when persistent cardiac damage is present. And appropriate medicine should continue.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 12. Diphtheria:

Child essentially looks toxic, and the condition gradually worsens with low grade fever and tachycardia. The disease is local, its manifestations are a membrane that is developing in the throat. This is caused by Corynebacteria diphtheriae, a gram- positive club shaped bacillus. The condition is DIPHTHERIA.

There are four varieties of Diphtheria:

1. Nasal Diphtheria, is characterized by presence of a unilateral, sero-sanguinous nasal discharge that crusts around the external nares.

2. Pharyngeal diphtheria is associated with the greatest toxicity and is characterized by marked tonsillar and pharyngeal inflammation. A tough grayish white membrane that is formed by fibrin, bacteria, epithelial cells, mononuclear cells and polymorphs, firmly adherent to the underlying tissue. Regional lymphadenopathy is prominent and produces the so-called bull neck.

3. Laryngeal diphtheria is extension of the membrane from the pharynx. It may produce acute circulatory failure around 10th day. Some neurological manifestations may occur early in disease. Palatal or pharyngeal wall paralysis may occur. Or several weeks after its onset cranial nerve palsies, peripheral neuropathy may develop.

4. Cutaneous diphtheria is seen with cases of burns and people with poor hygiene. Constitutional symptoms are uncommon. In nasal diphtheria there is an anterior nasal discharge, often blood stained with excoriation of the nostrils and upper lip.

Nasal obstruction is present but without any constitutional symptoms or very few symptoms and this condition continues for weeks before any active advice is sought. A grayish-white membrane is seen on the septum and the inferior turbinate. Diphtheria bacillus are found in the membrane.

Kali bichrom:

Kali bichrom useful in the early stages of the disease. Fullness at the root of the nose. Sinusitis with distress. Loss of smell. Nasal discharge is thick, ropy, greenish. Tough elastic plugs, and large clinkers. Post-nasal drip of thick mucus. Coryza with obstruction of the nose. There is ulceration of the nasal septum, fetid smell because of retention of this discharge. These symptoms call for its use in nasal diphtheria.

Mercurius cyanatus:

Mercurius cyanatus it affects most prominently mouth, throat, and larynx. These symptoms associated with prostration, coldness and cyanosis are leading indications, which indicate its use in diphtheria. There is necrotic destruction of soft parts of the palate and fauces. Intense redness of the fauces, swallowing is very difficult. Much thick grayish membrane in the throat. Use 30 c potency.

Nitric acid:

Nitric acid the nose is red and has a scurfy tip, nose bleed is dark, clotted with chest affection. Chronic nasal catarrh, with yellow offensive corrosive discharge, sneezing frequent, without coryza, during sleep. There is coryza with sore and bleeding nostrils. These symptoms indicate nasal diphtheria.

Faucial diphtheria is now not as common as it used to be in the past but in developing countries like ours it is still seen in practice. The onset is gradual with general listlessness, pallor and often headache, and vomiting, there is low grade temperature, sore throat and dysphagia. Initially the throat is just congested but soon there is characteristic creamy white patch situated on the congested surface.

Slowly these patches spread beyond tonsils, to fauces, soft palate uvula, and pharyngeal wall. If this progresses beyond second week, myocardial damage and failure may occur. Kali bichrom and mercurius cyanatum are again indicated with their characteristic symptoms.

Bromium:

Bromium the disease begins in the larynx and runs up croup with the croupy sound, there is much rattling in larynx, with breathing and while coughing. But there is no choking.

Carbolic acid:

Carbolic acid glazed ulcerated patches inside the lips and cheeks. Burning in the mouth to stomach. Fauces are red and covered with exudation. Uvula threatened and shriveled. Putrid discharge. Fetid breath. The face is dusky red, white about mouth and nose.

Lachesis:

Lachesis aphthous and denuded spots, with burning and rawness, gums are bluish, swollen, spongy, and easily bleeding. Tongue is swollen, bums and cracked at the tip. Empty swallowing is agonizing, liquids are swallowed with less pain and solids with least pain. Fetid breath and the prostration is out of proportion to the appearance of the throat.

Diphtherinum:

Diphtherinum trituration of the diphtheric membrane to the point of 6c and dilutions are made from the diphtheric toxin. Diphtherinum is useful as a prophylactic in Diphtheria and post-diphtheria complications. Like paralysis, or when anti-diphtheria vaccination is used.

The indications are chiefly clinical — the fluctuating temperature, very little pain membrane in vertical folds, on posterior wall of the throat, when the membrane first appeared. Dark red swelling of the tonsils, and palatine arches.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 13. Acute Epidemic Parotiditis or Mumps:

Usually a child reports with fever, malaise, headache, and anorexia. And associated pain over the parotid glands with sore throat and stiffness of the neck. The condition is ACUTE EPIDEMIC PAROTIDITIS or MUMPS. The prodromal symptoms are non-specific and pain that develops over the parotids may be either unilateral or bilateral.

This infection is spread by droplet infection. Central nervous system involvement is the commonest as extra-salivary gland manifestation of mumps.

One-third of the patients develop epididymo-orchitis, they develop mumps after puberty. And bilateral testicular involvement results in sterility in a small percentage of patients. Myocarditis, mastitis, oophoritis and polyarthritis may also occur. Treatment is symptomatic but attention should be given to adequate nutrition and mouth care.

Belladonna:

Belladonna high fever with hot head and cold limbs. No thirst with fever. There is great sensitiveness, particularly of special senses, sensitive to light, to slightest noise, or even if someone touches the bed. There is congestion in the throat, worse on the right side. The throat feels constricted. There is swelling and redness on the parotid gland.

Mercurius proto iod:

Mercurius proto iod Mercurius iodatus flavus: it has strong affinity for glands. The cervical and parotid glands are enormously swollen, and characteristic coating of the tongue. Much accumulation of tenacious mucus in the throat. Sensafion of lump and constant inclination to swallow. This is a right-sided remedy.

Lycopodium:

Lycopodium this is again a right-sided remedy. With swelling and suppuration of tonsils. Painful deglufifion, worse by cold drinks.

Mercurius Bin led:

Mercurius Bin led Mercurius iodat. Ruber.: The affection of the inflammation of the lymphatic glands is mostly on the left side. The fauces are dark red. Stiffness of muscles of throat and neck.

Lachesis:

Lachesis the throat is livid, purple sore throat that begins on the left side, sore throat worse on the left side. The pain is aggravated by hot drinks, worse swallowing the saliva.

Kali bichrom:

Kali bichrom the parotid glands are swollen, with relaxed and oedematous uvula pseudo-membranous deposits on the tonsils. The mucus in the throat is very sticky. All the signs and symptoms are indirect evidences of mumps. A trained physician can easily locate the correct remedy.

Bromium:

Bromium has enlarged parotids and goiter. Left-sided mumps. The glands are hard but seldom suppurate. Chief complications are orchitis and much less often oophoritis. Orchitis is rare before puberty. But in young adults who are sexually active it is frequently noticed. This complication develops about 10 days after the acute attack of mumps has subsided.

It starts with sudden pyrexia with one of the testes getting enlarged and tender. This inflammation settles down in a week or ten days. Sub-fertility is common when both the testes are involved and anxiety of this can cause impotency of psychogenic origin.

Clematis erecta:

Clematis erecta Orchitis with heavy, hanging, or retracted testes. Induration with bruised feeling in the testes. Usually the right testes is affected. There is swelling of the spermatic cord with burning and soreness. Burning in penis during emission of semen during sex.

Pulsatilla nigricans:

Pulsatilla nigricans orchitis from sitting on cold floors. Pain from abdomen to testicles. Burning down left spermatic cord. Epididymitis. Testicles hang down. Bloody emissions. This is often associated with gonorrhoea.

Staphysagria:

Staphysagria slow development of atrophy of the testicles after mumps. In females there is ovarian pain going into the thighs, worse by pressure. Also keep a close watch on the general characteristics of the drug. There are neurological complications but they pass off quickly. Symptomatic treatment should be instituted.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 14. Whooping Cough:

A child with running nose and watering of the eyes, with malaise and temperature develops short dry cough, which turns persistent, and individual cough becomes grouped together. Probably it is a case of WHOOPING COUGH.

This is a disease of the childhood, with 90% cases occurring below the age of 5. During the catarrhal stage the patient is highly infectious, malaise, anorexia, mucoid rhinorrhea, and conjunctivitis is present. The paroxysmal stage has characteristic paroxysms of cough and classic whoop is seen only in younger children.

And these paroxysms usually end in vomiting. This stage lasts for about two weeks, and may be associated with several complications, like bronchitis, lobar pneumonia, atelectasis, rectal prolapse and inguinal hernia.

If the disease is recognized in the catarrhal stage then treat according to the symptoms. The most common remedies that resemble at this stage are Allium cepa, Euphrasia, Arum triphyllum, Hepar sulph etc. In the paroxysmal stage the most important remedies like Drosera, Corallium rub.. Mephitis, Antimonium tart and Ipecac are often indicated.

Drosera rotundifolia:

Drosera rotundifolia it affects markedly the respiratory organs. Spasmodic cough, which resembles typical whooping cough. The characteristic cough is mostly aggravated in the evening and at midnight. And the patient holds his sides for relief.

Every time there is a spell of cough it ends into glairy mucus being brought out. He is better in open air, and worse after measles, singing, laughing, stooping. Worse on talking and taking cold food.

Corallium rubrum:

Corallium rubrum used in Whooping cough where the attack comes with rapid coughs followed by exhaustion. Air passages feel cold on deep inspiration. The cough is dry, spasmodic, reverberating machine-gun cough, and at times profuse secretion dropping through posterior sinuses. After continuous cough, mucus is brought out.

Mephitis putorius:

Mephitis putorius spasmodic cough or whooping cough. Few paroxysms in the day but many at night. Cough is violent, suffocative, spasmodic, nervous and worse on talking or drinking.

Pertussin:

Pertussin this drug can be used even as a preventive, for whooping cough and to treat the disease. Spasmodic cough during influenza when not related to whooping cough can be used.

Cuprum met:

Cuprum met cough in violent paroxysm but better by cold drink. Whooping cough is better by swallowing water after the vomit, and the spasm with purple face. Audible sound of drinking. 

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 15. Acute Catarrhal or Dyspeptic Diarrhoea:

Child passes stools that are offensive, yellow in the beginning, then greenish slimy and mixed with curds of undigested food. Vomiting may or may not be present. The condition is ACUTE CATARRHAL OR DYSPEPTIC DIARRHOEA.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 16. Infantile Inflammatory Diarrhoea or Enterocolitis:

Child passes greenish stools, slimy and often contains mucus, streaks of blood; fever and abdominal distention, with tenderness on pressure over the region of colon. The condition is INFANTILE INFLAMMATORY DIARRHOEA or ENTEROCOLITIS.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 17. Epidemic Diarrhoea:

Child has watery stools, foul smelling, green, and containing mucus, the stools turn gradually paler, acute abdominal pain with fever, prostration and collapse. EPIDEMIC DIARRHOEA. All these diarrhoea are collectively termed INFANTILE DIARRHOEA since they are common in childhood and infancy.

These children quickly go into dehydration and it must be combated on war footing. There are two ways that one can take — through ORS (Oral rehydration solution) and intravenous rehydration. For correction of mild or moderate dehydration is best carried out by giving a glucose-electrolyte solution.

There are many such commercially available solutions in the market But the WHO recommendation is Sodium 90; Potassium 20; Chloride 80; Bicarbonate 30; and glucose 111; mmol. L -1.

Composition of ORS by weight should be Sodium chloride 3.5 grams. Sodium bicarbonate 2.5 grams. Potassium chloride 1.5 grams, and glucose anhydrous 20 grams per litre of ORS solution. If this ORS is not readily available. Sugar Salt Solution (SSS) can be effectively used.

In 200 ml of clean drinking water add 2 finger pinch of salt. Stir the mixture with a clean spoon till the salt is fully dissolved. The solution should taste just salty. Next add a spoonful of sugar (jaggery). Stir this mixture till the sugar fully dissolves. Give this mixture to the child after every stool or sip by sip if there is vomiting along with the loose stools.

Intravenous rehydration is required only for severely dehydrated individuals with features of collapse—Sodium chloride 4.0 g. Sodium acetate 6.5 g.. Potassium chloride 1.0 g. and glucose 9.0 g per liter. These diarrhoea treatment solutions are readily available in bottles. Several of these bottles are required to overcome the dehydration.

Arsenic alb:

Arsenic alb ill-effects of food poisoning, eating ice, poor diet, watery fruits, sea bathing and travelling are main causes. It affects the entire digestive tract, the lips are dry, parched, and cracked — the patient often licks them, patient is better always by warm drinks. Fruits in general cause stomach to get irritated. Burning pains in the rectum; useful in cholera; small offensive dark stool with much prostration.

Podophyllum:

Podophyllum gastroenteritis is the characteristic complaint. With colicky pains and bilious vomiting. Stools are watery and jelly like mucus, painless and profuse, gushing and offensive.

Veratrum album:

Veratrum album diarrhoea is very painful, watery, and copious. This is followed by great prostration and forcibly evacuated stool. When vomiting accompanies veratrum is more indicated.

Jalapa:

Jalapa it is a powerful purgative and hence affects intestines and stomach. It causes and cures colic and diarrhoea. The child is quiet all through the day but screams and tosses about all night. Colic, stools watery, muddy or sour, with general coldness and blueness of face.

Magnesia carb:

Magnesia carb milk passes undigested, in nursing children, preceded by griping, colicky pain. Stools are frothy, greenish like scum on the frog’s pond. Sour stool with tenesmus. Belching sour, and vomiting of bitter water.

Rheum palmatum:

Rheum palmatum it is for nursing infants and children, during dentition and suited to pregnant and nursing women. The whole child smells sour, even washing does not remove it. Mostly during difficult dentition. The stools are pappy, sour, brown, green, fermented and slimy, worse in the evening.

Chamomilla:

Chamomilla the stools are hot, green, watery, foetid, slimy with colic. Chopped white and yellow mucus, like chopped egg and spinach. Mostly during dentition and the child is very irritable and snappy.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 18. Worms Infestation:

Mother complains that the child often has abdominal pains, capricious or ravenous hunger, associated with loss of weight, irregular bowels, and at times diarrhoea, grinding of teeth at enuresis. The child is suffering from WORMS INFESTATION.

There are many types of worms that infest the intestines collectively known as helminthiasis, and have variable signs and symptoms. The most common are ascarides lumbricoidis, oxyuris vermicularis, and hookworms, tapeworms, taenia saginata. The symptoms can be from simple headache, constipation, nocturnal enuresis, irritability, itching in the rectum, to more severe complaints of convulsions.

Cina artemisia:

Cina artemisia it contains an alkaloid santonin. There is irritation of nose, causing constant desire to rub, pick or press into it. Grinding of teeth at night during sleep. Restless sleep and nocturnal enuresis. The worms are mostly roundworms and pin-worms. The-child tosses about and restless during dentition, twitching spasms due to worms.

They are hungry all the time but emaciate. The child lies on belly or on hands and knees in sleep.

Teucrium marum:

Teucrium marum has strong symptoms of worms infestation, irritation of anus and nose. More of threadworm infestation. The child is oversensitive and has a desire to stretch, has chronic nasal catarrh with atrophy with large offensive crusts. Nasal polyp ozaena and loss of sense of smell.

Filix mass:

It is a male fern and is recognized as a vermifuge. There is bloating, gnawing and boring in bowels, worse on eating after sweet things, diarrhoea and vomiting. Itching of the nose, pale face with blue rings around the eyes. There is ineffectual urging to stool — pappy stools. Often there is constipation. Tincture of the fresh root or grated root maceration is used. This is primary remedy for expelling tapeworms.

Ferrum met:

Vomiting after eating is a keynote and mostly after midnight. Diarrhoea while eating, nightly spluttering of undigested food. And spits up food by mouthful and vomiting without nausea. There is heat and burning in the stomach. Itching at the anus due to ascarides or worms in children.

Sabadilla:

There is constipation, itching and crawling in the anus, alternating with itching in the nose or ears. Stools are burning, frothy, loose brown, which floats on the water. Pinworms crawling in the rectum and anus. There is multiple worm infestation. There are more reflex symptoms of worms with twitching, convulsive trembling.

Chenopodium anthelminthlca:

Oil of chenopodium has been used for hookworm or roundworm. The most characteristic pain of chinopodium is dull pain below the angle of the right scapula nearer the spine than that of Chelidonium. Oil is used in 10 minim doses every 2 hours; three such doses for hookworm.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 19. Meningitis:

Patient is brought with intense malaise, fever, rigors, severe headache, photophobia and vomiting. Often irritable and likes to lie down still, there is stiffness of the neck but consciousness is not impaired, but often is delirious. The condition is MENINGITIS.

Meningitis is an emergency that has a high mortality even in countries where the health care system is well-developed. Viral meningitis is a self-limiting condition. Untreated bacterial meningitis is lethal. Immediate treatment should be started.

Acute simple meningitis is most often in tubercular or scrofulous children. This simple form is most common in the first two years of life and arises idiopathically or from injuries to the head. This is also accompaniment, or sequel, to the acute exanthemata, and occurs in connection with the diseases of the ear.

Aconite:

Aconite a typical aconite picture of anxiety and violence is present. The skin is hot and dry and child tosses about and rolls, not keeping still. Screams as it pains. Flushed face and injected eyes, dry, burning heat with high fever. If these features are not relieved promptly one should think of Ferrum phos.

Ferrum phos.:

Ferrum phos. throbbing headache with sensitive scalp. Headache is better by cold application. First stages of fever of unknown origin. It now stands between activity of Belladonna and Aconite. Belladonna: sun-stroke and Meningitis are two main causes of the headaches and fever.

Throbbing and hammering headaches, worse on the temples. There is no thirst with fever. Headaches with brilliant eyes and wide dilated pupils. Feet are icy cold. Perspiration dry only on the forehead.

Gelsemium:

Gelsemium great prostration and headache. Chill with aching and languor. Chills up and down the spine, with cold hands and feet. Thirst is absent. Headaches are accompanied by blurring of sight and relieved by passing copious urine.

Helleborus niger:

Helleborus niger the action of Helleborus n. causes actual inflammatory states of the brain and meninges. Drowsiness is leading keynote of meningitis in Helliborus. Such condition is found when effusion has taken place from the inflamed membranes.

The forehead is wrinkled, there are automatic movements of one arm and one leg while the other is paralyzed, the head rolls from side to side, with screams; drinking water greedily, chewing motion of jaws, urine is scanty or entirely suppressed. Limbs are cold, chill with fever sweat and aversion to cover.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 20. Viral Encephalitis:

There is sudden onset of headache and drowsiness, with fever with stupor or convulsive seizure. The condition is VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS. In far east countries like India we have frequent epidemics of this Japanese B arbovirus. It causes very severe form of encephalitis with high mortality rate.

In Indian situation, when the epidemics of encephalitis raged in Assam, Andhra, Eastern Bengal, three remedies were outstanding in action — Belladonna, Apis, and Gelsemium. During these epidemics Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy had worked in these areas and provided their expertise in this field with very significant results.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 21. Tuberculous Meningitis:

After a week or so of malaise, the child develops fever, signs of meningeal irritation, drowsiness, squints — one should suspect TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS. History of tuberculosis or exposure to tuberculous infection should confirm the diagnosis.

The early symptoms are very insidious. A slight irregular fever with constipation and occasional vomiting is common. Occasionally pain and discomfort in the neck may also be present. There is diminution or exaggeration of tendon reflexes.

The irritative stage of fever, headache, neck rigidity, vomiting, photophobia occurs. There is alteration in the size of the pupils. The patient after this diagnosis, should preferably be transferred to the hospital.

Apis mellifica:

Apis produces serous inflammation with effusion membranes of the brain. There is swelling and puffing up of various parts, edema with red rosy hue, stinging pains, soreness and intolerance of heat, and from slightest touch. Sudden shrill cry is characteristic in Meningitis and Hydrocephalus.

Essay on Pediatric Disease # 22. Acute Bronchopneumonia:

Patient has cough, with frothy expectoration developing gradually after fever and “cold”, followed by bronchitis, general malaise, a cough that produces shortness of breath. This is probably ACUTE BRONCHOPNEUMONIA.

Bronchopneumonia is much more common in winter. In infants and small children these cases fall in two groups: Primary — The infecting agent usually is pneumococcus which causes a sudden rise of temperature, 104 ° F 105 ° F, often with vomiting and convulsion.

The child looks sick, the ribs are sucked in during respiration, flapping of alae nasi and the signs of consolidation are more clear to elicit. Secondary Broncho­pneumonia arises as a complication of measles, whooping cough, or of debilitating conditions as marasmus and streatorrhoea.

Antimonium tartaricum:

Antimonium tartaricum it affects the mucous membranes, specially of the bronchial, and lungs. The therapeutic application is confined largely to the respiratory diseases. Rattling of mucus with little expectoration has been the guiding symptom.

The respiration gets impeded due to great accumulation of mucus with coarse rattling. The child wants to be carried erect, and clings to the attendants. They cannot suck at the nipple and go out of breath. The cough is excited by eating, with pain in chest. The chest seems full but little raised.

Ipecacuanha:

Ipecacuanha there is dyspnoea and constant constriction in the chest. Incessant cough, violent with every breath, continued sneezing and coryza with wheezing cough, bubbling rales, loose coarse rattling in the chest without expectoration. The child becomes stiff and blue in the face.

Grindelia robusta:

Grindelia robusta indicated in chronic bronchial cough, when attended with profuse tenacious expectoration that gives relief. Breath stops when falling asleep and starts with waking up, gasping for breath.

Kali carb:

Kali carb dry cough about 3 a.m. with stitching pains. Asthmatic wheezing, worse by least motion. Swallows the expectoration, copious and offensive slump. Better in the warm climate, futile coughing followed by vomiting.

Hepar sulphuris:

Hepar sulphuris loose cough with bloody or thick yellow tenacious sputum, breathing difficulty on lying on the left side and aggravated on walking. Choking cough, rattling croaking cough, has to raise the head up, and bend the head backwards. Hep sulph follows Ant tart in Bronchopneumonia.

Home››Essay››Diseases››