Cloned genes can be introduced into knockout mice by means of embryonal stem cells (ES cells). Embryonal cells have attracted tremendous attention in recent years, hence a brief introduction on ES cells is warranted. The concept of ES cells arose through studies on mouse and human teratocarcinomas. These tumours were found to contain cells, called embryonal carcinoma cells, the stem [...]
In this article we will discuss about the determination of DNA sequence. The sequence of bases A, T, G, and C in genes and whole genome can provide useful information for understanding gene structure and organisation, encoded protein and cell behaviour. The first complete nucleotide sequence of an entire viral genome (φX174) was determined in 1977 in the laboratory of [...]
In this article we will discuss about the uses of DNA microarrays. The DNA Microarray technology is used to determine the level of expression of many thousands of genes simultaneously. This new approach is used not for individual genetic loci, rather, for the analysis of genome-wide patterns of gene expression. Using DNA microarrays, it is possible to estimate the relative [...]