The synthesis of proteins is directed by DNA or genetic RNA, where DNA is absent. The basic information for the polypeptide structure is stored in the polynucleotide chain. The base sequence in the codon determines the amino acids sequence in a particular polynucleotide. In general, there are three views regarding the flow of genetic information and these are one-way, circular [...]
In this article we will discuss about the synthesis of ATP formation. In the early 1930s it was clear that the ADP phosphorylation was coupled to respiration. Lehninger and other workers between 1948-51 conducted biochemical studies on isolated mitochondria and tissue samples. From their studies following general inferences emerged: i. Phosphorylation depended upon oxygen. ii. Mitochondria when isolated catalyzed oxygen-dependent [...]
The following points highlight the four main stages involved in synthesis of RNA. The stages are: 1. Binding of RNA Polymerase to DNA 2. Initiation of Transcription 3. Elongation of RNA chain 4. Termination of Transcription. Stage # 1. Binding of RNA polymerase to DNA: RNA polymerase binds to the "promoter site" on the DNA molecule. The promoter site is [...]