Citric acid is sold in the market as an anhydrous crystalline chemical, as crystalline monohydrate, or as a crystalline sodium salt. Citric acid is used in the soft drinks, jams, jelly, wines, candies and frozen fruits. It also used in artificial flavours. In medical applications, it is used in blood transfusion and as effervescent product. In cosmetic industries, various astringent [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. History and Design of Fermenters 2. Basic Functions of Fermenters 3. Types 4. Construction 5. Design and Operation 6. Aseptic Operation and Containment 7. Batch Fermentation 8. Fed-Batch Fermentation 9. Continuous Fermentation 10. Scale-Up of Fermentations. History and Design of Fermenters: De Becze and Liebmann (1944) used the first large scale (above [...]
Industrial fermentation processes require two most important stages to complete product fermentation. These are up-stream process and down-stream process, which are abbreviated as USP and DSP respectively. Stage # 1. Up-Stream Process: This process comprises of obtaining a desired microorganism, and its improvement so as to enhance the productivity and yield. It also includes the maintenance of strain purity, preparation [...]