In this article we will discuss about the features of adaptive immune responses. 1. Specificity: It ensures that distinct microbes elicit specific responses. It exists because individual lymphocyte expresses membrane receptors that are able to distinguish subtle differences in structure between different antigens. 2. Diversity: It enables immune system to respond to a large variety of microbes. The total no. [...]
On the basis of principal biologic actions; cytokines are grouped under three basic categories: (i) Mediators and regulators of innate immunity: These are produced mainly by mononuclear phagocytes in response to infectious agents: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; like bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and viral double stranded RNA (dsRNA), also bind to Toll like receptors (TLRs) on the cell surface or in endosomes [...]
In this article we will discuss about the humoral immunity of immune response. The immune system protects the body from potentially harmful substances by recognizing and responding to antigens. Antigens are foreign particles, normally large or small molecules on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi or bacteria. Some non-living substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs and foreign particles can also [...]