On the basis of principal biologic actions; cytokines are grouped under three basic categories: (i) Mediators and regulators of innate immunity: These are produced mainly by mononuclear phagocytes in response to infectious agents: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; like bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and viral double stranded RNA (dsRNA), also bind to Toll like receptors (TLRs) on the cell surface or in endosomes [...]
In this article we will discuss about the humoral immunity of immune response. The immune system protects the body from potentially harmful substances by recognizing and responding to antigens. Antigens are foreign particles, normally large or small molecules on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi or bacteria. Some non-living substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs and foreign particles can also [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Definition of Complement System 2. History of Complement System 3. Biological Functions 4. Components. Definition of Complement System: The complement system consists of a series of heat-labile serum proteins that are activated in turn. The complements exist as soluble inactive precursors which once activated, a complement component may then act as an [...]