Cardiac cycle is the term referring to all of the events that occurs from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. The frequency of the cardiac cycle is the heart rate. The time taken to complete one cardiac cycle is 0.8 sec and is called cardiac cycle time. Some events of cardiac cycle are as follows: [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of Glomerular Filtration Rate 2. Advantages 3. Determinants 4. Forces Affecting 5. Estimation. Meaning of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): Amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys together in unit time is called GFR. It is about 20% of the renal plasma flow. Normal value is 125 ml/min or 180 L/day. It [...]
The normal kidney has tremendous capability to vary the relative proportions of solutes and water in the urine. They can excrete urine with an osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L, when there is excess water in the body and ECF osmolarity low. They can also excrete urine with a concentration of 1200-1400 mOsm/L, when there is a deficit of water [...]