Substrate-level phosphorylation is a process in which ATP is synthesized as a result of the oxidation of an organic compound, the substrate, without the participation of any external electron donor (e.g., NADH) or external electron acceptor (e.g., O2). That is, in substrate-level phosphorylation the involved organic compound itself serves as both electron donor (becomes oxidized) and electron acceptor (becomes reduced) [...]
Immune response recruits and mobilizes a series of effector molecules that induce a localized inflammatory response, which ultimately removes the antigen. This inflammatory response usually does not extensively damage the host tissues. But under certain conditions, the inflammatory response produces deleterious effects, resulting in significant tissue damage or even death; this is termed as hypersensitivity or allergy. Hypersensitive reactions may [...]
The below mentioned article provides notes on cell-mediated (cellular) immunity. The cell-mediated or cellular immunity is that where the T-lymphocytes destroy other cells having antigens on their surface without any mediation by antibodies. The precursors of T-lymphocytes produced by stem cells of bone marrow pass through liver and spleen before reaching the thymus where they are processed, hence called thymus-dependent [...]