Camera Lucida, (Fig. 15.5), when attached with a compound microscope, helps drawing microscope images of objects on paper. It works on simple optical principle reflecting beam of light through a prism and a plane mirror. The microscopic image of the object is reflected by the prism on to the plane mirror and there from the image is reflected on to [...]
The mitochondrial electron transport chain is composed of three main membrane-associated electron carriers flavoproteins (FMN, FAD), cytochromes, and quinones (coenzyme Q, also known as ubiquinone because it is a ubiquitous quinone in biological systems). All these electron carriers reside within the inner membrane of the mitochondria and operate together to transfer electrons from donors, like NADH and FADH2, to acceptors, [...]
The electron transport chains of bacteria (prokaryotes) operate in plasma membrane (mitochondria are absent in prokaryotes). Some bacterial electron transport chains resemble the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Paracoccus denitrificans is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic soil bacterium. It is a model prokaryote for studies of respiration. When this bacterium grows aerobically, its electron transport chain possesses four complexes that correspond to [...]