The following points highlight the two main pathways in intermeniary metabolism of carbohydrates. Pathway # 1. Gluconeogenesis: In this process glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate precursors. Thus, citric acid cycle and glycolysis are the main pathways of gluconeogenesis. The substrates can be some amino acids, (e.g., proline) lactic acid, glycerol, etc. Gluconeogenesis from amino acids and some organic acids is [...]
Electron Transport System or Respiratory Chain: The hydrogen and electron transport system comprise many hydrogen and electron acceptors (Fig. 17-6). In fact oxidation reduction reactions in a biological system involve hydrogen and electron acceptors. Both hydrogen and electrons are passed from one acceptor to another. Thus, there are intermediate and final hydrogen acceptors. The final hydrogen acceptor is molecular oxygen. [...]
In this article we will discuss about the Determination of ΔG°’ for Standard Free Energy Change. Determination of Standard Free Energy of Hydrolysis of ATP: Hydrolysis of ATP takes place according to the equation From which it seems possible to determine the equilibrium constant at pH 7.0 and calculate ΔG° from the equation ΔG°' = - 2.303 RT log K'eq [...]