The following points highlight the nineteen main sculpture types that ornament both pollen and spore. The sculpture types are: 1. Chagrenate 2. Psilate 3. Spinula 4. Spina 5. Pilum 6. Verruca 7. Gemma 8. Clava 9. Baculum 10. Scabrate 11. Rugulate 12. Striate 13. Cicatricose 14. Reticulate 15. Corrugate 16. Foveolate 17. Fossidate 18. Canaliculate 19. Echinate. Sculpture Type # [...]
NPC is an artificial system of classification of pollen and spore based on the three features of aperture only, i.e. number, position and character. Erdtman and Straka (1961) proposed NPC classification and palynologists all over the world accepted it. According to NPC system each pollen grain has an arithmetic cardinal number consisting of three digits. The first digit reveals the [...]
In this article we will discuss about the chemical composition and functions of plasma membrane. Chemical Composition of Plasma Membrane: The membrane is mainly composed of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. Water makes about 29% of total weight. Robertson (1959) proposed that plasma membrane is three-layered structure where proteins form the outer and inner layers of membrane that encloses lipids to [...]