The following points highlight the top eight factors affecting venous return. The factors are: 1. Pressure Gradient 2. Vis-a-Tergo 3. Vis-a-Fronte 4. Skeletal Muscle Pump 5. Thoracic Pump 6. Abdominal Pump 7. Venomotor Tone 8. Posture and Gravity. Factor # 1. Pressure Gradient: The pressure in the right atria (central venous pressure) into which the superior and inferior vena cavae [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of Cardiac Cycle 2. Duration of Cardiac Cycle 3. Phases. Meaning of Cardiac Cycle: SA node, the pacemaker has the property of automaticity and rhythmicity. Because of this, it produces action potentials, which spread all along the atrial and ventricular muscle fibers. This in turn brings about depolarization and repolarization. Following [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Definition of Cardiac Output 2. Determination of Cardiac Output 3. Regulation. Definition of Cardiac Output: Cardiac output is defined as volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute (Table 3.9). Right ventricle pumps blood into pulmonary circulation and during the same time an identical volume of blood is also pumped out [...]