The below mentioned article provides a note on puccinia. The genus includes about 3,000 species. Of these 147 have been reported from India. All are internal parasites attacking angiosperms. Only the spore masses are visible externally. Some of them such as Puccinia graminis tritici (Black stem rust of wheat) are of great economic importance as they cause destructive rust diseases [...]
The below mentioned article provides a notes on gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal tract can be described as a specialized tube communicating with the external environment both at its upper and lower ends. There is regional specialization suited for the local functions. The main functions of GIT are: 1. Secretion: Exocrine—enzymes; endocrine— hormones of GI tract 2. Motility 3. Absorption 4. Storage [...]
The below mentioned article provides notes on immune system. Immune Response: Any foreign protein, toxin of parasites, bacteria and viruses, when enter into the body, they interfere with host physiological processes and produce harmful effects. The "Chemical defense" mechanism of host organism that operates against such effects of parasites and others is called immune reaction or immune response. Immunology: The [...]