Most commonly used methods for stream gauging are: 1. Area-Velocity Method 2. Area Slope Method 3. Discharge Measuring Structures. 1. Area-Velocity Method: It should be noted that depth of flow varies in a section of a stream across the main flow direction. Likewise, the velocity of flow too varies from point to point within a cross-sectional area of the stream. [...]
The subsurface occurrence of ground water can be divided into two zones (Fig. 4.1): (i) Vadose zone or unsaturated zone or zone of aeration, and (ii) Phreatic zone or saturated zone or zone of saturation. In the saturated zone, all pores or voids are filled with water, whereas in the unsaturated zone, pores contain gases (mainly air and water vapours) [...]
This article throws light upon the four regulating devices generally used for controlling water reservoirs. The regulating devices are: 1. Flashboards and Stop-Logs 2. Vertical Lift Gates 3. Radial Gates 4. Drum Gates. 1. Flashboards and Stop Logs: Flashboards and stop logs raise the reservoir storage level above a fixed spillway crest level when the spillway is not required to [...]