The subsurface occurrence of ground water can be divided into two zones (Fig. 4.1): (i) Vadose zone or unsaturated zone or zone of aeration, and (ii) Phreatic zone or saturated zone or zone of saturation. In the saturated zone, all pores or voids are filled with water, whereas in the unsaturated zone, pores contain gases (mainly air and water vapours) [...]
After reading this article you will learn about the objectives and methods of river training. Objectives of River Training: River-training measures aim at achieving one or more of the following objectives: (i) Flood Protection: Floods cause enormous damage to life and property almost every year. River training for flood protection (also known as 'high water training' or 'training for discharge') [...]
Canal outlets are of the following three types: 1. Non-Modular Outlets 2. Semi-Modular Outlets 3. Modular Outlets. Type # 1. Non-Modular Outlets: In non-modular canal outlets, discharge capacity depends on the difference of water levels in the distributary and the watercourse. The discharge through non- modular outlets fluctuates over a wide range with variations in the water levels of either [...]