The subsurface occurrence of ground water can be divided into two zones (Fig. 4.1): (i) Vadose zone or unsaturated zone or zone of aeration, and (ii) Phreatic zone or saturated zone or zone of saturation. In the saturated zone, all pores or voids are filled with water, whereas in the unsaturated zone, pores contain gases (mainly air and water vapours) [...]
After reading this article you will learn about the objectives and methods of river training. Objectives of River Training: River-training measures aim at achieving one or more of the following objectives: (i) Flood Protection: Floods cause enormous damage to life and property almost every year. River training for flood protection (also known as 'high water training' or 'training for discharge') [...]
This article throws light upon the four regulating devices generally used for controlling water reservoirs. The regulating devices are: 1. Flashboards and Stop-Logs 2. Vertical Lift Gates 3. Radial Gates 4. Drum Gates. 1. Flashboards and Stop Logs: Flashboards and stop logs raise the reservoir storage level above a fixed spillway crest level when the spillway is not required to [...]