Biological warfare (BW), also known as germ warfare, is the use of any pathogen (bacterium, virus or other disease-causing organism) or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war. BW may be intended to kill, incapacitate or seriously impede an adversary. It may also be defined as the material or defense against such employment. The creation and stockpiling of [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Introduction to Skin Toxicity 2. Types of Toxic Effects 3. Effects on Epidermal Adnexa 4. Skin Testing Methods 5. Evaluation of Skin Tests. Introduction to Skin Toxicity: The body of all animals, including humans, is almost entirely covered by a layer termed skin which is usually exposed to a variety of physical [...]
The following points highlight the seven major ophthalmic toxic effects. The effects are: 1. Effects on Cornea 2. Effects on Iris 3. Effects on Aqueous Humor 4. Effects on Ciliary Body 5. Effects on Lens 6. Effects on Retina 7. Effects on Optic Nerve. 1. Effects on Cornea: This delicate structure is subjected to toxic effects of xenobiotics chiefly through [...]