The following points highlight the nineteen main sculpture types that ornament both pollen and spore. The sculpture types are: 1. Chagrenate 2. Psilate 3. Spinula 4. Spina 5. Pilum 6. Verruca 7. Gemma 8. Clava 9. Baculum 10. Scabrate 11. Rugulate 12. Striate 13. Cicatricose 14. Reticulate 15. Corrugate 16. Foveolate 17. Fossidate 18. Canaliculate 19. Echinate. Sculpture Type # [...]
NPC is an artificial system of classification of pollen and spore based on the three features of aperture only, i.e. number, position and character. Erdtman and Straka (1961) proposed NPC classification and palynologists all over the world accepted it. According to NPC system each pollen grain has an arithmetic cardinal number consisting of three digits. The first digit reveals the [...]
LO-analysis is a means to elucidate the details of sexine pattern on the basis of light microscopic observations of a pollen grain and spore at different adjustments of the microscope. The ultra thin section (0.1-0.5 micron thick) and optical section of a pollen grain provide details of sexine. The term optical section refers to the view of a pollen grain [...]