Heart failure is a pathophysiological state in which an abnormality of cardiac function results in failure of the heart to pump and maintain adequate blood supply for the metabolic requirements of the body. Not all patients with congestive cardiac failure have myocardial failure. Heart failure may occur because the normal heart is faced with an excessive load that exceeds compensatory [...]
Cardiogenic shock may be defined as the clinical state resulting from inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood for the perfusion need of the vital organs. The most common cause of cardiogenic shock is acute myocardial infarction. Oligaemic shock is not included in this definition. Clinical Signs and Pathogenesis of Cardiogenic Shock: Insufficient blood flow through the skin, skeletal [...]
Nuclear lesions occur in the brain stem and common causes include vascular' infarctions, demyelination and brain stem tumours, like gliomas. Commonly neighbouring structures in the brain stem are also involved e.g. third nerve palsy with contralateral hemiplegia (Weber's syndrome), third nerve palsy with contralateraltremordue to involvement of Red nucleus (Benedikt's syndrome) and ipsilateral sixth and seventh nerve palsy with contralateral [...]