The mechanism of humoral immunity is accomplished after interaction of antigen with B-cells, antibody production and antigen-antibody binding. 1. Interaction of antigen with B-cells: The B-cells after production from the stem cells (Fig. 22.8) migrate to lymphoid organs. When antigen interacts and contacts the receptor, the later gets stimulated. The B-cells differentiate into antibody producing cells through three steps: activation, [...]
In this article we ill discus about the meaning and causes of autoimmunity. Meaning of Autoimmunity: In the beginning of 20th century, Paul Ehrlich, proposed the concept of 'horror auto-toxicus'. In such condition a 'normal' body does not mount an immune response against its own tissues. Thus, any autoimmune response perceived is abnormal which was supposed to be connected with [...]
Non specific resistance is the defense of our body from any kinds of the pathogens. It includes skin and mucous membrane, phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, production of antimicrobial substances. 1. Skin and Mucus Membranes: Skin and mucus membranes provide the first step of defense to the body against invasion of the pathogen. It acts both as mechanical barrier as well as [...]