Some of the most important application of genetic engineering are as follows: For many years, the gene has been thought of as a unit of structure, its definition based on the results of recombination experiments and the analysis of mutant cells. According to this older view, a gene was the smallest unit of inheritance that was not sub-divisible by recombination [...]
Read this article to learn about the Movement of Chromosomes during Anaphase ! During nuclear division or mitosis, there is a progressive change in the structure and appearance of the chromosomes. Although mitosis is a continuous process (Figs. 20-20 and 20-21), for convenience it is usually divided into four major stages: prophase, meta- phase, anaphase, and telophase. Prophase, the first [...]
The nucleolus is the dominant internal feature of the cell nucleus and was among the first subcellular organelles described by microscopy (by Fontona in 1774). The nucleolus is not separated from the remaining nucleoplasm by a membrane, but in many cells its margins are associated with chromatin (i.e., the perinucleolar chromatin, see Figs. 20-15 and 20-16). The nucleolus is composed [...]